Why I Am Who I Am Personality Description free essay sample

Conceptual Personality improvement is a multifaceted idea it’s inspired by hereditary qualities, society, instruction and familial commitments. I have been called numerous things with respect to my character forceful, tyrannical, legit and stubborn yet by and by not many remain constant. Without question I can concede I am straightforward yet significantly more than that I am free and boisterous. Parts of my character have been intensely affected by not just my family and social connections. My character formed me into the individual that I am persuading me to continue being straightforward with individuals and going into the psychological well-being field. Having the option to keep individuals reality with the correct conveyance and realizing that when generally will be noisy hardened my picked vocation way. Character Characteristics of My Life Many ideas of a character advancement through hereditary commitments however many grow remotely also. Together nature versus sustain meets up to make an excellent magnum opus of human and human character. We will compose a custom article test on Why I Am Who I Am Personality Description or on the other hand any comparative point explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page It’s been said no man is an island and numerous elements added to who I am. Attributes I would prefer not to contend, whine or battle however no one’s tuning in to me, so I have to talk stronger than any other person so I won’t be disregarded. A basic yet complex idea; is the most unmistakable territory of my character. Would you be able to hear me, it’s inconceivable not to have been named as class windbag all through secondary school-I won't be quieted. Growing up my family was uproarious by ordinary gauges and being one of the most youthful my perspectives and assessments were regularly ignored however that got inadmissible. If I somehow managed to have a voice I needed to communicate it noisy and clear accentuation on the boisterous part. As the most youthful youngster I battled for anybody to tunes in to me as well as to take me genuine so I started to speak more loudly. What are you sitting tight for you have to make a solid effort to get your own be free. Training is foremost without a doubt and on many occasions I heard the inquiry; what do you think? To be instructed intended to have a sentiment about existence and the world around one’s self. Formed to strolling alone through instruction provoked me to depend on myself and my own contemplations to proceed with my development instructively as well as with my public activity is well. â€Å"Our activities are designed and composed, as opposed to irregular and turbulent. As we move here and there, we hold a steady feeling of ourselves, our past, and our objectives for what's to come. There is a solidarity to our encounters and action† Cervone and Pervin (2010). Do you consider yourself a fair individual, for the most part the vast majority can't and don't however yet I do. Trustworthiness begins with first being straightforward with yourself, what your identity is and what you can achieve. My companions have a running joke at whatever point they need my sentiment and needed the fierce truth they generally request the Byrd truth. The meaning of a Byrd truth is an impartial answer intended to cause direct to notice the issue or arrangement and won't be glossed over. In youth most we are instructed not to lie however advised to watch what and how we talk. My genuineness became something I was known for in the wake of being told there is nothing amiss with being straightforward and it makes you look better. In my prior years I thought this was an immediate relationship on the off chance that you were straightforward you were prettier and would keep on being, so I put however much time as could be expected in being straightforward. Character advancement is confound and a piece of who I am and formed via profession decisions and the kind of individuals who I associate with. Any field who can’t acknowledge somebody who is uproarious, legit and autonomous isn't some place that I would decide to work for.

Evaluation of Airport Security Measures Essay

Reaction and particularly brisk reaction to stresses may results to significant escape clauses and conceivable hazardous oversights. For the most part, this happens because of absence of sufficient opportunity to comprehensively assess the quick issue close by and conceivable neighborhood and worldwide weights. Since September 2001, US transportation frameworks security on fear based oppressor assaults expected huge criticalness that saw significant changes in the sector’s tasks. The Congress passed the Airport Security Federalization Act of 2001 as the principle stage for reestablishing the general sacredness and honesty of the air terminals to make sure about the quick lessening shoppers certainty both locally and globally. 1. Depict execution issues of the air terminal safety efforts which were affirmed by Congress not long after the episode on September 11 (I. e. Air terminal Security Federalization Act of 2001). In any case, the demonstration necessitated that all the air terminal security screening staff be government representatives and an expected 20, 0000 new bureaucratic laborers must be recruited. Littler air terminals were required to utilize nearby law authorization organizations to give security. In any case, guaranteeing that the vehicle financing needs are adequately distinguished and completely organized is as yet a significant test. Putting the safety efforts under the government contemplations in all the air terminals rose with an extraordinary arrangement the assets required by the new division of country security. Ostensibly, the Act didn't promptly build up the immediate contribution of the air terminals where the new security groups were sent. With the current financial downturn, the Department of Homeland Security has communicated one of its tasks difficulties as absence of enough assets to support these activities (Alexander and Seth, 2004). To add to that, compelling concordance and coordination in the Department of Homeland Security and Department of Transport has end up being a hard nut to separate through and through. As demonstrated before, greater part of the workers in air terminal frameworks were moved to the Department of Homeland Security which has made an all-inclusive arrangement of reaction to the serious issues by the extended board (Marcus, 2004). Strikingly, researchers have shown that September 11 Terrorist assault came about because of long time known vulnerabilities that demonstrated inability to ace effectively address them. In spite of the fact that a quick activity framework was set up for running the air terminals, there was absence of clear long haul center around the administration of the air terminals under the joined framework. Guaranteeing the general ability of the staff through high caliber and staffing skill accentuation for the extended workforce has been a significant test since the death of the Act (Robert et al, 2008). Seemingly, the Department of Transport recognized of conceivable future worries from the huge interest for preparing and limit working for the representatives. This shaped an expansion of the earlier difficulties on subsidizing and coordination between the private segment, the Department of Transport and the Department of Homeland security. Checking and oversight of this huge and exceptionally integrative workforce extends the hole further because of the difference in approach (Robert et al, 2008). While the private elements are immediate after compelling usage of the law under al conditions, the private gatherings are after maximal benefits which could bargain the entire motivation because of contemplations of hazard taking in an industrialist setting. 2. Depict holes in air terminal security, which were not tended to by these measures Arguably, the Airport Security Federalization Act of 2001 had significant holes that have seen moderate execution of its requests and diminished ability to accomplish the general targets. The primary point of the laws is to upgrade better activities and most extreme comes back to people in general and the legislature. Be that as it may, the monstrous screening estimates built up never valued the troubles that individuals experience to be cleared for flights. This has raised concerns locally and comprehensively. To add to that, the law necessitates that no one but Americans can serve in the air terminal screening staff (Subcommittee on Homeland Security, 2008). This was a significant hole in advancing non demonstrable skill and finishing off advancements from the worldwide redistributing field. Strikingly, laws forestalling section into the Cockpit have existed with little accomplishment in US and different nations. Be that as it may, the Act stresses on the standard as a significant preventive measure. This demonstrates conceivable fiasco in holding up as it is completely subject to cognizance of the team ready. To add to that, the demonstration necessitates that the cockpit be furnished with immobilizers for crisis purposes (Robert et al, 2008). Be that as it may, this is another significant escape clause with investigators direly requiring its reexamination. Nearness of ammo ought to be under an exceptionally prepared government air marshal. Seemingly, arms in the cockpit go about as a potential gracefully to the psychological oppressors in the wake of lacking potential approaches to get theirs ready.

Reform Movement in the United States Essay Example for Free

Change Movement in the United States Essay The protestant restoration development that started during the 1790s in New England caused changes in America. Somewhere in the range of 1825 and 1850, the United States government made changes that extraordinarily expanded the impact of majority rule beliefs: widespread testimonial and individual rights. Such changes included detainment facilities, houses of worship, ladies testimonial, moderation, and instruction. Jail changes extended fair standards through the adjustment in strategies and statements of purpose. Indebted person penitentiaries were annulled, the quantity of legislative hall wrongdoings was decreased, and jail turned into a position of change just as discipline. As appeared in archive A, the Fourth Annual Report, Society for the Reformation of Juvenile Delinquents in the City of New York, 1829, expressed, To keep these energetic crooks . . . where little can be inclined however the methods for the evil. It is stating that the jails initially were awful and that improving individuals would be pointless and along these lines the change of the detainment facilities would fix this issue and in this way have the option to spare individual rights and become clean. Church changes likewise extended law based beliefs through permitting opportunity of religion and extension of various organizations. As Charles G. Finney in 1834 stated, When the places of worship are . . . stirred and improved . . . the transformation and salvation of heathens will follow. He is stating that in light of the fact that the congregation improved, the individuals will change similarly. Hence, by utilizing this data, one can say that on the grounds that the churchs rights were all the more promptly communicated, the individuals would likewise have progressively singular rights. Lady testimonial was the most command attributes that extraordinarily expanded the popularity based standards of United States. As lady rights expanded, ladies indicated that they were progressively autonomous as appeared through the clique of family life. Ladies were unique like the status of slaves since they had no voice. This is appeared in the etching by Patrick Reason in 1835 where a lady is in shackles. It shows the first status of ladies which changes marginally to progressively all inclusive testimonial in America. Moderation additionally extended vote based standards in that it gave individuals more rights to shape what they felt was right. Since it was lead by ladies, a gathering ofâ society typically stifled, it was novel in that ladies began to voice their conclusions. In the artistic creation The Drunkards Progress, From the First Glass to the Grave in 1846, it shows that ladies were generally influenced by it and that they were inspired to transform it. Ladies had the option to stand up and influence the world and that shows singular rights. Instruction likewise assumed a job in growing equitable goals. Instruction was improved through new course books, plugged, and improved encouraging preparing offices increment the normal training of the majority. This made a progressively learned mass and along these lines general male testimonial was increasingly conceivable. Through the changes of detainment facilities, holy places, ladies testimonial, restraint, and instruction, law based beliefs were extended. Vote based standards of widespread testimonial and individual rights were spread all through America. The changes somewhere in the range of 1825 and 1850 extended law based standards.

How to Find Good AP Long Essay Samples Online

How to Find Good AP Long Essay Samples OnlineWhen trying to find good AP courses online, it's important to take a little time to consider what sort of AP courses you are seeking. So before you dive in blindly, here are some things to consider, and some help on the subject.You need to think about what sort of AP courses you want. Do you want math, science, humanities, or something else? This will depend largely on what the course you're looking for is all about.When you get online, it's very easy to flip from one site to another to see what's available. These sites tend to be very competitive, and if you want to know what courses they offer, it's easy to try out their offerings and then look for other courses that they have. You might also start with one site that seems interesting and get involved in different exchanges until you find one that has everything you're looking for.A good place to start is with some students' forums. When you go online to look for coursework, you'll find that forums are especially useful. While you don't get a good sense of course offerings from these, you'll be able to get a good idea of what a forum's members have had to say about the courses they're talking about.Even better, there are tools and software that you can use to search for courses and even individuals. While this isn't a solution to your problem, it can be a very quick way to find some help.The other thing to consider is whether or not the course you want is offered in the way you need it. For example, if you need a good set of AP essay samples, you might not be able to do well if the course was too specific or too vague. You need a set of samples that will teach you how to write well.What sort of material you're looking for is going to help you narrow down your search as far as where to go. That's one of the things that makes these online courses so much fun and is why so many people enjoy them!

The Сontribution of Leonard da Vinci in Aviation History Term Papers

Introduction The beginning of the concept of aviation began in Chinese in the fourth century A.D. In 400 B.C a toy that consisted of feathers at the end of a stick was spun between the hands to generate a lift and after its release it provided a free flight, It is assumed that those who build the   toys were inspired by the auto rotating nature of seeds from trees such as Sycamore. 1 In the year 1480, Leonard da Vinci discovered that a screw shaped device well made from a   starched linen can rise in air if turned quickly. Biography of Leonard da Vinci He was born on April 15th 1452 in Vinci, near Florence. He grew up in Vinci, his father’s home where he could access scholarly articles that belonged to family and friends; He got exposed to the family’s painting tradition. He had a talent in painting and was apprenticed a workshop where he stayed until 1477. In 1482, Leonardo entered the service of the duke of Milan. By 1499, he gained heights in the fields of science and art. In the years 1485 to 1490, he came up with studies on many subjects such as flying machines and architectural designs among others. His curiosity made him to be interested in new things but he was unable to complete his experiments. He dedicated most of his time in studying science.2 Leonard was fond of taking and keeping notes of what he studied in his note books. Most of his works were paintings, architectural designs, Human anatomy, and mechanics; he used to collect the sketches and his studies in different coding and manuscripts He produced paintings in small numbers but was very innovative and an influential artist. He made famous painting like the Adoration of the Magi, Mona Lisa, and the Last Supper among others. However, none of his sculptures were completed even though his approach to a three dimensional is very evident in his drawings. In addition to this, his building projects were not completed In the years 1485 to 1490, he came up with studies on many subjects such as flying machines and architectural designs among others. His curiosity made him to be interested in new things but he was unable to complete his experiments. He dedicated most of his time in studying science. Leonardo’s scientific discoveries were well planned based on careful observation and recording notes with a good documentation. Most of his scientific innovations were not completed but the theories are contained in many notebooks. Many discoveries of modern times are based on his theories and scientific studies such as the human anatomy, geology and meteorology, nature studies, and mechanics. He invented the hydrometer and in the aviation history, his flying machines contributed to the principals of aviation and aerodynamics. He died on May 2nd 1519 in Cloux, France.  3 The Talents of Leonardo da Vinci Leonardo was an inventor, artist and, a scientist. He was an artist and painted the pictures of an angel and the portions of a landscape in a Baptist Church of Christ in Verrocchio making him to be registered in the painter’s guild in Verrocchio in 1472 the period which he began his artistic career.4 In addition to this, Leonardo da Vinci was a great inventor and had a lot of ideas and drew war machines, flying machines, machines that are used for work, architectural designs and structures and, machines that are used in water and land. Most of his work and theories were advanced by other people to design other machines. Most of the machines that he designed were meant for war, even though he was not a man of war. He designed a circular armored car that had the capacity of shooting three hundred and sixty degrees without making a turn. He also designed a thirty three barreled organ, an automatic hull rammer and multiple cross bows among other machines. His Contribution in the History of Aviation In the field of flight, his most common contribution was the idea of a flying machine that was an aerial screw given a classification as the beginning of the design of a helicopter. It had the same design of a helicopter. The prop of the aerial screw is a flat screw which when turned, creates a lift. During his time, some of his inventions were not tested such as the aerial screw since he had a lot of commitments in other projects. He built a parachute which had a slight difference with the modern parachutes; his parachute had a structure that looked like a temple. He had a lot of ideas on gliders and drawings of a leaf spring engine that is used for flying machines. His concept predominates even in the modern world but with a few modifications such as the scuba diving suit. He was a great scientist whose thoughts and theories have a greater impact in the world of science. Leonardo da Vinci made a contribution to the history of aviation. Being a brilliant scientist, he made a lot of contribution to the first scientific experiments in the aviation field. Leonardo spent many years in understanding the concept of flight. He provided descriptions and sketches of the flying machines that include pictures and descriptions of the world’s initial designs of a parachute and a helicopter a note book which were discovered and put in print many years after his death, that showed the models of the parachute and the helicopter and he flew them very successfully. Leonardo understood and put in writing the importance of the gravitational force, the centre of pressure and streamlining. These are the most important basic principles in the design and building of an airplane or a spaceship. He developed a lot of interest in seeing a   man fly like birds, making him to give a description, sketches, and also created many models of various types of a flying machines   in the air, propelled by the use of flapping wings. According to history, Leonardo da Vinci made his first studies of aviation in 1480’s and had over 100 drawings that he used to illustrate his theories on an onithoptera and the mechanical flight. His sketches described how a bird uses its wings and tails, bringing the idea of man using a flight in carrying machines and other materials for the experiment, ( Chanute, 1997).5 According to his perception of air as a fluid, this gave him the opportunity to understand the basics of fluid mechanics. Hence, he earned a credit in the history of aviation. His idea on the flying machines is very interesting and of more importance in the discussion of the history of flight. In addition to this, his research on aviation was among other actives he was involved with which included, paintings, casting cannon, as an architect, he also designed military hardware; he was a good artist and did some sculpture, an architect, a n urban planner and optics. He was involved in so many activities. Leonardo was the first person to apply the principle that when a screw like device is turned at a sufficient speed, then it would get uplifted and rise in air. The screw that he designed is very old and its age is compared to Archimedes who used the idea in uplifting water. This device has been known as the origin of the design of a helicopter and the screw propeller. His work also included a most elaborate flying machine having a streamlined cabin which could have two men sitting and one being the operator of the wing. However this machine did not work. Leonardo furthered his experiments by making an attempt to copy the wings of a bird in a fully expressed machine that looked like a bird’s wing. The mechanical wing had joints that had springs which were to be used in returning them to the original gliding position after flapping them, this man provided a flying machine that looked like a bird which he gave much thought to. His inventions also included the design of an aircraft with sections of a tail which is very critical for stability during flight. The Wright Brothers modified this by placing a stabilizer in front of the bi-plane. The drawings of an aircraft with a wing were mostly single, however the modern models that were designed fro his drawings are very similar to the modern airplanes. The gliders that he devised had the interior half of the wings fixed and a movable outer half. He came with this idea after noting the flight of birds that, the portion of the wings closer to the body never moved much and the portion outside of the wing moved to propel and to control the flight. Archimedes who was a Greek mathematician made perfect the principle of a rotating screw for use as a water pump. By the 15th century Leonardo da Vinci invented a helicopter capable of making a lift by carrying a person and doing experiments with the models of his designs. His sketches of the aerial screw described a device with a helical rotor with its helical surface on the device looking like a helicopter built from iron wire that were covered with linen surfaces and made airtight with starch. In making assumptions of the possibility of a man to fly like birds, Leonardo was certainly correct. He drew some diagrams that up to date still appear like having the ability to fly. By using the flight of birds as the basis for his approach, he was quite certain that when a wing is flapped in a motion that is rowing, it would prove that it was the key to a sustained flight, (Turner, 1993).6 However, he appeared very secretive in his research work making his research on flight to appear to be top secret to him among most of his pursuits. Most researchers were thrilled by his idea on the flying birds up to the moment that flight was actually achieved by the Wright Brothers who used a fixed wing. Later modifications in the research of flight were adapted from his drawings that also proved that he actually did an experiment with his craft as models. Having used his idea of understanding motion, his notations that were scribbled about roiling waters in a stream from a mountain showed that he was not successful in his efforts by turbulence. His plans were to use the muscle power to make the rotor revolve which was not sufficient enough to uplift the helicopter. Even though in his notes, he showed that his models flew, but according to the sketch, this was not possible as there was no torque created by the propeller. During Leonardo da Vinci’s time, tremendous improvements advanced the idea of horizontal flight but were lack of adequate power to achieve flight; in addition, they were too bulky and heavy. Efforts in designing a real helicopter dates back to the early years of the 20th century. However, the onithoptera machine was not a success and was not created. It was a design that Leonardo da Vinci created to explain how human being could also fly like birds. His note book on aviation was uses by flight pioneers in the 19th century, (Kemp, 1981).7 Leonardo’s theory for â€Å"compressing† the air and obtaining a lift was very similar with the design of the modern helicopters. His attempts have been one of the serious initial experiments in the production of a functioning helicopter. They were experimental, hence were never put in practical use. Adequate technology was far ahead of his time and, without adequate technology, the ability to create such machines is not possible, (Clark, 1988).8 Further developments in the history of aviation Between the fifteenth century and the twentieth century, there had been minor inventions that contributed to the design of a helicopter. However, the models were not successful because of their sizes and weight. The following men contributed to the history of aviation after the death of Leonardo In 1954, Mikhail Lomonosov suggested a coaxial rotor machine that was used to elevate meteorological devices, modeled after the Chinese toy. It was powered by wound up string device that could fly freely to climb to good altitude. In 1784, Launoy and Bienvenu built another version of the Chinese toy that had a two bladed propeller driven by a bow drill system at each end of its fuselage. This model consisted of a counter rotating set of feathers of turkey that were   to take off and fly on its own proving that an object that is heavier than air can fly. In 1800, Sir George Cayley made a contribution on the basic principles of flight that dated from the 1790’s. He constructed many successful vertical- flight models that were successful. He used rotors made of tin sheets and driven by a wound up’ clock springs. In 184, in a scientific paper that he published, Cayley mentioned a vertical flying machine known as â€Å"Aerial Carriage†, this device was considered as an idea since the available source of energy by that time was from steam engines which were considerably heavy to allow for a powered flight making his project not to be feasible. In 1842, W.H Phillips built a 10 kilogram steam powered model; his contribution was followed by a steam machine that used a main rotor and two smaller ones, probably his machine was the first model of a helicopter that was powered by an engine instead of energy devices like the wound – up springs. In 1845, Cossus of France built a model that was documented by Octave Chanute in quest for flying machines. This device had three aerial screws that were moved by a steam power. In 1861, Bright advanced this model by using a globe over the rotors. The term helicopter was coined by a French man- Viscount Gustave de Ponton d’ Amecourt, who put together the Greek words â€Å"helicon meaning spiral and pteron meaning wing† where the term helicopter was derived. Archimedes described a man- powered machine called a pterophere which had two airscrews that supported the machine in flight and forwarded propulsion. In 1862, William Powers modeled an attack helicopter that used the Archimedes’ screws powered by a steam engine to propel it vertically and forward. However the model that he built did not construct a full size aircraft. In 1877, E. Forlanini made a small steam engine weighing a bout 3.5 kilogram. This model reached nine meters and remained in flight for half a minute. In 1880, Thomas Edison tried an electric engine which was unpowered but was certain that helicopters will be of great importance to the future generation. In 1895, De los Olivos made a tandem rotors helicopter that had wings. Archimedes described a man- powered machine that he called a pterophere which had two airscrews that supported the machine in flight and forwarded propulsion. In 1862, William Powers modeled an attack helicopter that used the Archimedes’ screws powered by a steam engine to propel it vertically and forward. However the model that he built did not construct a full size aircraft. In 1871, Pomes and De la Pauze designed a machine that used a rotor powered by gunpowder. This machine was never constructed.   Afterwards, in 1877, Alphonse Penaud was able to construct several model helicopters which he fashioned after the Chinese top having two superimposed screws that rotated in different direction setting motion by use of the force derived from a twisted rubber band. His models rose more than 15 meters high. In the same year, Emmanuel Dieuaide designed a helicopter that had counter- rotating rotors with an engine boiler on the ground but connected to a machine using a flexible tube. There were many achievements in tat year; Melikoff constructed a helicopter that had a colonial shaped rotor which doubled in its functions as a parachute. During 1878, Castel manage to design and build a helicopter that that was lifted by compressed air that had eight rotors on its two counter rotating shafts. His model did not operate, however a smaller one built that was built between 1878 and 1879 by Dandrieux that was driven by elastic bands did fly. An Italian civil engineer known as Enrico Forlanini who was an Italian civil engineer created a flying steam-driven helicopter model powered by a 7.7 pound engine which had two counter rotating rotors and was able to rise up to 40 feet for more than 20 seconds. In the 1880’s Thomas Alva Edison made an experiment with a small helicopter model and put into test many rotor configurations that were driven by a gun cotton engine which was one of the initial, early form of internal combustion engines. Later he used an electric motor to generate power being the first to demonstrate from his experiments that a rotor with a large diameter having a less surface area in its blade could provide a better floating efficiency in air. His knowledge and scientific approach on aerodynamics efficiency of the rotor and the supply of sufficient energy from an engine was a necessity for a successful vertical flight, (Gablehouse, 1969).9 By the end of the 19th century, there were fewer achievements in aerodynamics and mechanical complexities of creating a vertical aircraft. This was due to inadequate technological advances due to inefficient power and control. For instance the steam engines were too heavy and bulky for a full scale helicopter. In conclusion, early developments in aviation could not materialize because the lack of adequate technological developments which was a hindrance to the early developers of aircrafts. These included inadequate knowledge on aerodynamics of vertical flight, lack of a suitable engine and the inappropriateness to withstand the weight of the structure and engine. There were problems that were associated with excessive vibrations coupled with the inability to have stability and control. Notes Derget al, Chinese Inventions,2005.pg. 233 Clark, Leonardo da Vinci, 1988. Pg.45 Kemp, Leonardo da Vinci, The Marveling Works of Nature and Man, 198. Pg 168 Turner, Inventing Leonardo, 1993 Gablehouse, A History of Rotating Wing and V/STOC Aviation, 1969 Light Body, The Illustrated History of Helicopter, 1990 Bibliography Clark, Kenneth. Leonardo da Vinci. Rev. ed. New York: Viking, 1988. Kemp, Martin. Leonardo da Vinci, the Marvellous Works of Nature and Man. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1981. Turner, A. Richard. Inventing Leonardo. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1993. Gablehouse, Charles. Helicopters and Autogiros; A History of Rotating-wing and V/STOL Aviation. Philadelphia: J.B. Lippincott Company, 1969. Lightbody, Andy and Poyer, Joe. The Illustrated History of Helicopters. Lincolnwood, Ill.: Publications International, 1990. Chanute, Octave. Progress in Flying Machines. M N Forney 1894, Lorenz Herweg, 1976. Crouch, Tom, Wings: A History of Aviation from Kites to the Space Age, New York, New York: W.W. Norton Co, 2004 Deng Yinke, Wang, Pingxing, Ancient Chinese Inventions, China Intercontinental Press, pp.  113, 2005 Dodson, MG. An Historical and Applied Aerodynamic Study of the Wright Brothers Wind Tunnel Test Program and Application to Successful Manned Flight. US Naval Academy Technical Report. 2005 History of Aviation, GlobalAircraft.org 2008.   http://www.globalaircraft.org  © 2008 GlobalAircraft.org.

The Сontribution of Leonard da Vinci in Aviation History Term Papers

Introduction The beginning of the concept of aviation began in Chinese in the fourth century A.D. In 400 B.C a toy that consisted of feathers at the end of a stick was spun between the hands to generate a lift and after its release it provided a free flight, It is assumed that those who build the   toys were inspired by the auto rotating nature of seeds from trees such as Sycamore. 1 In the year 1480, Leonard da Vinci discovered that a screw shaped device well made from a   starched linen can rise in air if turned quickly. Biography of Leonard da Vinci He was born on April 15th 1452 in Vinci, near Florence. He grew up in Vinci, his father’s home where he could access scholarly articles that belonged to family and friends; He got exposed to the family’s painting tradition. He had a talent in painting and was apprenticed a workshop where he stayed until 1477. In 1482, Leonardo entered the service of the duke of Milan. By 1499, he gained heights in the fields of science and art. In the years 1485 to 1490, he came up with studies on many subjects such as flying machines and architectural designs among others. His curiosity made him to be interested in new things but he was unable to complete his experiments. He dedicated most of his time in studying science.2 Leonard was fond of taking and keeping notes of what he studied in his note books. Most of his works were paintings, architectural designs, Human anatomy, and mechanics; he used to collect the sketches and his studies in different coding and manuscripts He produced paintings in small numbers but was very innovative and an influential artist. He made famous painting like the Adoration of the Magi, Mona Lisa, and the Last Supper among others. However, none of his sculptures were completed even though his approach to a three dimensional is very evident in his drawings. In addition to this, his building projects were not completed In the years 1485 to 1490, he came up with studies on many subjects such as flying machines and architectural designs among others. His curiosity made him to be interested in new things but he was unable to complete his experiments. He dedicated most of his time in studying science. Leonardo’s scientific discoveries were well planned based on careful observation and recording notes with a good documentation. Most of his scientific innovations were not completed but the theories are contained in many notebooks. Many discoveries of modern times are based on his theories and scientific studies such as the human anatomy, geology and meteorology, nature studies, and mechanics. He invented the hydrometer and in the aviation history, his flying machines contributed to the principals of aviation and aerodynamics. He died on May 2nd 1519 in Cloux, France.  3 The Talents of Leonardo da Vinci Leonardo was an inventor, artist and, a scientist. He was an artist and painted the pictures of an angel and the portions of a landscape in a Baptist Church of Christ in Verrocchio making him to be registered in the painter’s guild in Verrocchio in 1472 the period which he began his artistic career.4 In addition to this, Leonardo da Vinci was a great inventor and had a lot of ideas and drew war machines, flying machines, machines that are used for work, architectural designs and structures and, machines that are used in water and land. Most of his work and theories were advanced by other people to design other machines. Most of the machines that he designed were meant for war, even though he was not a man of war. He designed a circular armored car that had the capacity of shooting three hundred and sixty degrees without making a turn. He also designed a thirty three barreled organ, an automatic hull rammer and multiple cross bows among other machines. His Contribution in the History of Aviation In the field of flight, his most common contribution was the idea of a flying machine that was an aerial screw given a classification as the beginning of the design of a helicopter. It had the same design of a helicopter. The prop of the aerial screw is a flat screw which when turned, creates a lift. During his time, some of his inventions were not tested such as the aerial screw since he had a lot of commitments in other projects. He built a parachute which had a slight difference with the modern parachutes; his parachute had a structure that looked like a temple. He had a lot of ideas on gliders and drawings of a leaf spring engine that is used for flying machines. His concept predominates even in the modern world but with a few modifications such as the scuba diving suit. He was a great scientist whose thoughts and theories have a greater impact in the world of science. Leonardo da Vinci made a contribution to the history of aviation. Being a brilliant scientist, he made a lot of contribution to the first scientific experiments in the aviation field. Leonardo spent many years in understanding the concept of flight. He provided descriptions and sketches of the flying machines that include pictures and descriptions of the world’s initial designs of a parachute and a helicopter a note book which were discovered and put in print many years after his death, that showed the models of the parachute and the helicopter and he flew them very successfully. Leonardo understood and put in writing the importance of the gravitational force, the centre of pressure and streamlining. These are the most important basic principles in the design and building of an airplane or a spaceship. He developed a lot of interest in seeing a   man fly like birds, making him to give a description, sketches, and also created many models of various types of a flying machines   in the air, propelled by the use of flapping wings. According to history, Leonardo da Vinci made his first studies of aviation in 1480’s and had over 100 drawings that he used to illustrate his theories on an onithoptera and the mechanical flight. His sketches described how a bird uses its wings and tails, bringing the idea of man using a flight in carrying machines and other materials for the experiment, ( Chanute, 1997).5 According to his perception of air as a fluid, this gave him the opportunity to understand the basics of fluid mechanics. Hence, he earned a credit in the history of aviation. His idea on the flying machines is very interesting and of more importance in the discussion of the history of flight. In addition to this, his research on aviation was among other actives he was involved with which included, paintings, casting cannon, as an architect, he also designed military hardware; he was a good artist and did some sculpture, an architect, a n urban planner and optics. He was involved in so many activities. Leonardo was the first person to apply the principle that when a screw like device is turned at a sufficient speed, then it would get uplifted and rise in air. The screw that he designed is very old and its age is compared to Archimedes who used the idea in uplifting water. This device has been known as the origin of the design of a helicopter and the screw propeller. His work also included a most elaborate flying machine having a streamlined cabin which could have two men sitting and one being the operator of the wing. However this machine did not work. Leonardo furthered his experiments by making an attempt to copy the wings of a bird in a fully expressed machine that looked like a bird’s wing. The mechanical wing had joints that had springs which were to be used in returning them to the original gliding position after flapping them, this man provided a flying machine that looked like a bird which he gave much thought to. His inventions also included the design of an aircraft with sections of a tail which is very critical for stability during flight. The Wright Brothers modified this by placing a stabilizer in front of the bi-plane. The drawings of an aircraft with a wing were mostly single, however the modern models that were designed fro his drawings are very similar to the modern airplanes. The gliders that he devised had the interior half of the wings fixed and a movable outer half. He came with this idea after noting the flight of birds that, the portion of the wings closer to the body never moved much and the portion outside of the wing moved to propel and to control the flight. Archimedes who was a Greek mathematician made perfect the principle of a rotating screw for use as a water pump. By the 15th century Leonardo da Vinci invented a helicopter capable of making a lift by carrying a person and doing experiments with the models of his designs. His sketches of the aerial screw described a device with a helical rotor with its helical surface on the device looking like a helicopter built from iron wire that were covered with linen surfaces and made airtight with starch. In making assumptions of the possibility of a man to fly like birds, Leonardo was certainly correct. He drew some diagrams that up to date still appear like having the ability to fly. By using the flight of birds as the basis for his approach, he was quite certain that when a wing is flapped in a motion that is rowing, it would prove that it was the key to a sustained flight, (Turner, 1993).6 However, he appeared very secretive in his research work making his research on flight to appear to be top secret to him among most of his pursuits. Most researchers were thrilled by his idea on the flying birds up to the moment that flight was actually achieved by the Wright Brothers who used a fixed wing. Later modifications in the research of flight were adapted from his drawings that also proved that he actually did an experiment with his craft as models. Having used his idea of understanding motion, his notations that were scribbled about roiling waters in a stream from a mountain showed that he was not successful in his efforts by turbulence. His plans were to use the muscle power to make the rotor revolve which was not sufficient enough to uplift the helicopter. Even though in his notes, he showed that his models flew, but according to the sketch, this was not possible as there was no torque created by the propeller. During Leonardo da Vinci’s time, tremendous improvements advanced the idea of horizontal flight but were lack of adequate power to achieve flight; in addition, they were too bulky and heavy. Efforts in designing a real helicopter dates back to the early years of the 20th century. However, the onithoptera machine was not a success and was not created. It was a design that Leonardo da Vinci created to explain how human being could also fly like birds. His note book on aviation was uses by flight pioneers in the 19th century, (Kemp, 1981).7 Leonardo’s theory for â€Å"compressing† the air and obtaining a lift was very similar with the design of the modern helicopters. His attempts have been one of the serious initial experiments in the production of a functioning helicopter. They were experimental, hence were never put in practical use. Adequate technology was far ahead of his time and, without adequate technology, the ability to create such machines is not possible, (Clark, 1988).8 Further developments in the history of aviation Between the fifteenth century and the twentieth century, there had been minor inventions that contributed to the design of a helicopter. However, the models were not successful because of their sizes and weight. The following men contributed to the history of aviation after the death of Leonardo In 1954, Mikhail Lomonosov suggested a coaxial rotor machine that was used to elevate meteorological devices, modeled after the Chinese toy. It was powered by wound up string device that could fly freely to climb to good altitude. In 1784, Launoy and Bienvenu built another version of the Chinese toy that had a two bladed propeller driven by a bow drill system at each end of its fuselage. This model consisted of a counter rotating set of feathers of turkey that were   to take off and fly on its own proving that an object that is heavier than air can fly. In 1800, Sir George Cayley made a contribution on the basic principles of flight that dated from the 1790’s. He constructed many successful vertical- flight models that were successful. He used rotors made of tin sheets and driven by a wound up’ clock springs. In 184, in a scientific paper that he published, Cayley mentioned a vertical flying machine known as â€Å"Aerial Carriage†, this device was considered as an idea since the available source of energy by that time was from steam engines which were considerably heavy to allow for a powered flight making his project not to be feasible. In 1842, W.H Phillips built a 10 kilogram steam powered model; his contribution was followed by a steam machine that used a main rotor and two smaller ones, probably his machine was the first model of a helicopter that was powered by an engine instead of energy devices like the wound – up springs. In 1845, Cossus of France built a model that was documented by Octave Chanute in quest for flying machines. This device had three aerial screws that were moved by a steam power. In 1861, Bright advanced this model by using a globe over the rotors. The term helicopter was coined by a French man- Viscount Gustave de Ponton d’ Amecourt, who put together the Greek words â€Å"helicon meaning spiral and pteron meaning wing† where the term helicopter was derived. Archimedes described a man- powered machine called a pterophere which had two airscrews that supported the machine in flight and forwarded propulsion. In 1862, William Powers modeled an attack helicopter that used the Archimedes’ screws powered by a steam engine to propel it vertically and forward. However the model that he built did not construct a full size aircraft. In 1877, E. Forlanini made a small steam engine weighing a bout 3.5 kilogram. This model reached nine meters and remained in flight for half a minute. In 1880, Thomas Edison tried an electric engine which was unpowered but was certain that helicopters will be of great importance to the future generation. In 1895, De los Olivos made a tandem rotors helicopter that had wings. Archimedes described a man- powered machine that he called a pterophere which had two airscrews that supported the machine in flight and forwarded propulsion. In 1862, William Powers modeled an attack helicopter that used the Archimedes’ screws powered by a steam engine to propel it vertically and forward. However the model that he built did not construct a full size aircraft. In 1871, Pomes and De la Pauze designed a machine that used a rotor powered by gunpowder. This machine was never constructed.   Afterwards, in 1877, Alphonse Penaud was able to construct several model helicopters which he fashioned after the Chinese top having two superimposed screws that rotated in different direction setting motion by use of the force derived from a twisted rubber band. His models rose more than 15 meters high. In the same year, Emmanuel Dieuaide designed a helicopter that had counter- rotating rotors with an engine boiler on the ground but connected to a machine using a flexible tube. There were many achievements in tat year; Melikoff constructed a helicopter that had a colonial shaped rotor which doubled in its functions as a parachute. During 1878, Castel manage to design and build a helicopter that that was lifted by compressed air that had eight rotors on its two counter rotating shafts. His model did not operate, however a smaller one built that was built between 1878 and 1879 by Dandrieux that was driven by elastic bands did fly. An Italian civil engineer known as Enrico Forlanini who was an Italian civil engineer created a flying steam-driven helicopter model powered by a 7.7 pound engine which had two counter rotating rotors and was able to rise up to 40 feet for more than 20 seconds. In the 1880’s Thomas Alva Edison made an experiment with a small helicopter model and put into test many rotor configurations that were driven by a gun cotton engine which was one of the initial, early form of internal combustion engines. Later he used an electric motor to generate power being the first to demonstrate from his experiments that a rotor with a large diameter having a less surface area in its blade could provide a better floating efficiency in air. His knowledge and scientific approach on aerodynamics efficiency of the rotor and the supply of sufficient energy from an engine was a necessity for a successful vertical flight, (Gablehouse, 1969).9 By the end of the 19th century, there were fewer achievements in aerodynamics and mechanical complexities of creating a vertical aircraft. This was due to inadequate technological advances due to inefficient power and control. For instance the steam engines were too heavy and bulky for a full scale helicopter. In conclusion, early developments in aviation could not materialize because the lack of adequate technological developments which was a hindrance to the early developers of aircrafts. These included inadequate knowledge on aerodynamics of vertical flight, lack of a suitable engine and the inappropriateness to withstand the weight of the structure and engine. There were problems that were associated with excessive vibrations coupled with the inability to have stability and control. Notes Derget al, Chinese Inventions,2005.pg. 233 Clark, Leonardo da Vinci, 1988. Pg.45 Kemp, Leonardo da Vinci, The Marveling Works of Nature and Man, 198. Pg 168 Turner, Inventing Leonardo, 1993 Gablehouse, A History of Rotating Wing and V/STOC Aviation, 1969 Light Body, The Illustrated History of Helicopter, 1990 Bibliography Clark, Kenneth. Leonardo da Vinci. Rev. ed. New York: Viking, 1988. Kemp, Martin. Leonardo da Vinci, the Marvellous Works of Nature and Man. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1981. Turner, A. Richard. Inventing Leonardo. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1993. Gablehouse, Charles. Helicopters and Autogiros; A History of Rotating-wing and V/STOL Aviation. Philadelphia: J.B. Lippincott Company, 1969. Lightbody, Andy and Poyer, Joe. The Illustrated History of Helicopters. Lincolnwood, Ill.: Publications International, 1990. Chanute, Octave. Progress in Flying Machines. M N Forney 1894, Lorenz Herweg, 1976. Crouch, Tom, Wings: A History of Aviation from Kites to the Space Age, New York, New York: W.W. Norton Co, 2004 Deng Yinke, Wang, Pingxing, Ancient Chinese Inventions, China Intercontinental Press, pp.  113, 2005 Dodson, MG. An Historical and Applied Aerodynamic Study of the Wright Brothers Wind Tunnel Test Program and Application to Successful Manned Flight. US Naval Academy Technical Report. 2005 History of Aviation, GlobalAircraft.org 2008.   http://www.globalaircraft.org  © 2008 GlobalAircraft.org.

The Сontribution of Leonard da Vinci in Aviation History Term Papers

Introduction The beginning of the concept of aviation began in Chinese in the fourth century A.D. In 400 B.C a toy that consisted of feathers at the end of a stick was spun between the hands to generate a lift and after its release it provided a free flight, It is assumed that those who build the   toys were inspired by the auto rotating nature of seeds from trees such as Sycamore. 1 In the year 1480, Leonard da Vinci discovered that a screw shaped device well made from a   starched linen can rise in air if turned quickly. Biography of Leonard da Vinci He was born on April 15th 1452 in Vinci, near Florence. He grew up in Vinci, his father’s home where he could access scholarly articles that belonged to family and friends; He got exposed to the family’s painting tradition. He had a talent in painting and was apprenticed a workshop where he stayed until 1477. In 1482, Leonardo entered the service of the duke of Milan. By 1499, he gained heights in the fields of science and art. In the years 1485 to 1490, he came up with studies on many subjects such as flying machines and architectural designs among others. His curiosity made him to be interested in new things but he was unable to complete his experiments. He dedicated most of his time in studying science.2 Leonard was fond of taking and keeping notes of what he studied in his note books. Most of his works were paintings, architectural designs, Human anatomy, and mechanics; he used to collect the sketches and his studies in different coding and manuscripts He produced paintings in small numbers but was very innovative and an influential artist. He made famous painting like the Adoration of the Magi, Mona Lisa, and the Last Supper among others. However, none of his sculptures were completed even though his approach to a three dimensional is very evident in his drawings. In addition to this, his building projects were not completed In the years 1485 to 1490, he came up with studies on many subjects such as flying machines and architectural designs among others. His curiosity made him to be interested in new things but he was unable to complete his experiments. He dedicated most of his time in studying science. Leonardo’s scientific discoveries were well planned based on careful observation and recording notes with a good documentation. Most of his scientific innovations were not completed but the theories are contained in many notebooks. Many discoveries of modern times are based on his theories and scientific studies such as the human anatomy, geology and meteorology, nature studies, and mechanics. He invented the hydrometer and in the aviation history, his flying machines contributed to the principals of aviation and aerodynamics. He died on May 2nd 1519 in Cloux, France.  3 The Talents of Leonardo da Vinci Leonardo was an inventor, artist and, a scientist. He was an artist and painted the pictures of an angel and the portions of a landscape in a Baptist Church of Christ in Verrocchio making him to be registered in the painter’s guild in Verrocchio in 1472 the period which he began his artistic career.4 In addition to this, Leonardo da Vinci was a great inventor and had a lot of ideas and drew war machines, flying machines, machines that are used for work, architectural designs and structures and, machines that are used in water and land. Most of his work and theories were advanced by other people to design other machines. Most of the machines that he designed were meant for war, even though he was not a man of war. He designed a circular armored car that had the capacity of shooting three hundred and sixty degrees without making a turn. He also designed a thirty three barreled organ, an automatic hull rammer and multiple cross bows among other machines. His Contribution in the History of Aviation In the field of flight, his most common contribution was the idea of a flying machine that was an aerial screw given a classification as the beginning of the design of a helicopter. It had the same design of a helicopter. The prop of the aerial screw is a flat screw which when turned, creates a lift. During his time, some of his inventions were not tested such as the aerial screw since he had a lot of commitments in other projects. He built a parachute which had a slight difference with the modern parachutes; his parachute had a structure that looked like a temple. He had a lot of ideas on gliders and drawings of a leaf spring engine that is used for flying machines. His concept predominates even in the modern world but with a few modifications such as the scuba diving suit. He was a great scientist whose thoughts and theories have a greater impact in the world of science. Leonardo da Vinci made a contribution to the history of aviation. Being a brilliant scientist, he made a lot of contribution to the first scientific experiments in the aviation field. Leonardo spent many years in understanding the concept of flight. He provided descriptions and sketches of the flying machines that include pictures and descriptions of the world’s initial designs of a parachute and a helicopter a note book which were discovered and put in print many years after his death, that showed the models of the parachute and the helicopter and he flew them very successfully. Leonardo understood and put in writing the importance of the gravitational force, the centre of pressure and streamlining. These are the most important basic principles in the design and building of an airplane or a spaceship. He developed a lot of interest in seeing a   man fly like birds, making him to give a description, sketches, and also created many models of various types of a flying machines   in the air, propelled by the use of flapping wings. According to history, Leonardo da Vinci made his first studies of aviation in 1480’s and had over 100 drawings that he used to illustrate his theories on an onithoptera and the mechanical flight. His sketches described how a bird uses its wings and tails, bringing the idea of man using a flight in carrying machines and other materials for the experiment, ( Chanute, 1997).5 According to his perception of air as a fluid, this gave him the opportunity to understand the basics of fluid mechanics. Hence, he earned a credit in the history of aviation. His idea on the flying machines is very interesting and of more importance in the discussion of the history of flight. In addition to this, his research on aviation was among other actives he was involved with which included, paintings, casting cannon, as an architect, he also designed military hardware; he was a good artist and did some sculpture, an architect, a n urban planner and optics. He was involved in so many activities. Leonardo was the first person to apply the principle that when a screw like device is turned at a sufficient speed, then it would get uplifted and rise in air. The screw that he designed is very old and its age is compared to Archimedes who used the idea in uplifting water. This device has been known as the origin of the design of a helicopter and the screw propeller. His work also included a most elaborate flying machine having a streamlined cabin which could have two men sitting and one being the operator of the wing. However this machine did not work. Leonardo furthered his experiments by making an attempt to copy the wings of a bird in a fully expressed machine that looked like a bird’s wing. The mechanical wing had joints that had springs which were to be used in returning them to the original gliding position after flapping them, this man provided a flying machine that looked like a bird which he gave much thought to. His inventions also included the design of an aircraft with sections of a tail which is very critical for stability during flight. The Wright Brothers modified this by placing a stabilizer in front of the bi-plane. The drawings of an aircraft with a wing were mostly single, however the modern models that were designed fro his drawings are very similar to the modern airplanes. The gliders that he devised had the interior half of the wings fixed and a movable outer half. He came with this idea after noting the flight of birds that, the portion of the wings closer to the body never moved much and the portion outside of the wing moved to propel and to control the flight. Archimedes who was a Greek mathematician made perfect the principle of a rotating screw for use as a water pump. By the 15th century Leonardo da Vinci invented a helicopter capable of making a lift by carrying a person and doing experiments with the models of his designs. His sketches of the aerial screw described a device with a helical rotor with its helical surface on the device looking like a helicopter built from iron wire that were covered with linen surfaces and made airtight with starch. In making assumptions of the possibility of a man to fly like birds, Leonardo was certainly correct. He drew some diagrams that up to date still appear like having the ability to fly. By using the flight of birds as the basis for his approach, he was quite certain that when a wing is flapped in a motion that is rowing, it would prove that it was the key to a sustained flight, (Turner, 1993).6 However, he appeared very secretive in his research work making his research on flight to appear to be top secret to him among most of his pursuits. Most researchers were thrilled by his idea on the flying birds up to the moment that flight was actually achieved by the Wright Brothers who used a fixed wing. Later modifications in the research of flight were adapted from his drawings that also proved that he actually did an experiment with his craft as models. Having used his idea of understanding motion, his notations that were scribbled about roiling waters in a stream from a mountain showed that he was not successful in his efforts by turbulence. His plans were to use the muscle power to make the rotor revolve which was not sufficient enough to uplift the helicopter. Even though in his notes, he showed that his models flew, but according to the sketch, this was not possible as there was no torque created by the propeller. During Leonardo da Vinci’s time, tremendous improvements advanced the idea of horizontal flight but were lack of adequate power to achieve flight; in addition, they were too bulky and heavy. Efforts in designing a real helicopter dates back to the early years of the 20th century. However, the onithoptera machine was not a success and was not created. It was a design that Leonardo da Vinci created to explain how human being could also fly like birds. His note book on aviation was uses by flight pioneers in the 19th century, (Kemp, 1981).7 Leonardo’s theory for â€Å"compressing† the air and obtaining a lift was very similar with the design of the modern helicopters. His attempts have been one of the serious initial experiments in the production of a functioning helicopter. They were experimental, hence were never put in practical use. Adequate technology was far ahead of his time and, without adequate technology, the ability to create such machines is not possible, (Clark, 1988).8 Further developments in the history of aviation Between the fifteenth century and the twentieth century, there had been minor inventions that contributed to the design of a helicopter. However, the models were not successful because of their sizes and weight. The following men contributed to the history of aviation after the death of Leonardo In 1954, Mikhail Lomonosov suggested a coaxial rotor machine that was used to elevate meteorological devices, modeled after the Chinese toy. It was powered by wound up string device that could fly freely to climb to good altitude. In 1784, Launoy and Bienvenu built another version of the Chinese toy that had a two bladed propeller driven by a bow drill system at each end of its fuselage. This model consisted of a counter rotating set of feathers of turkey that were   to take off and fly on its own proving that an object that is heavier than air can fly. In 1800, Sir George Cayley made a contribution on the basic principles of flight that dated from the 1790’s. He constructed many successful vertical- flight models that were successful. He used rotors made of tin sheets and driven by a wound up’ clock springs. In 184, in a scientific paper that he published, Cayley mentioned a vertical flying machine known as â€Å"Aerial Carriage†, this device was considered as an idea since the available source of energy by that time was from steam engines which were considerably heavy to allow for a powered flight making his project not to be feasible. In 1842, W.H Phillips built a 10 kilogram steam powered model; his contribution was followed by a steam machine that used a main rotor and two smaller ones, probably his machine was the first model of a helicopter that was powered by an engine instead of energy devices like the wound – up springs. In 1845, Cossus of France built a model that was documented by Octave Chanute in quest for flying machines. This device had three aerial screws that were moved by a steam power. In 1861, Bright advanced this model by using a globe over the rotors. The term helicopter was coined by a French man- Viscount Gustave de Ponton d’ Amecourt, who put together the Greek words â€Å"helicon meaning spiral and pteron meaning wing† where the term helicopter was derived. Archimedes described a man- powered machine called a pterophere which had two airscrews that supported the machine in flight and forwarded propulsion. In 1862, William Powers modeled an attack helicopter that used the Archimedes’ screws powered by a steam engine to propel it vertically and forward. However the model that he built did not construct a full size aircraft. In 1877, E. Forlanini made a small steam engine weighing a bout 3.5 kilogram. This model reached nine meters and remained in flight for half a minute. In 1880, Thomas Edison tried an electric engine which was unpowered but was certain that helicopters will be of great importance to the future generation. In 1895, De los Olivos made a tandem rotors helicopter that had wings. Archimedes described a man- powered machine that he called a pterophere which had two airscrews that supported the machine in flight and forwarded propulsion. In 1862, William Powers modeled an attack helicopter that used the Archimedes’ screws powered by a steam engine to propel it vertically and forward. However the model that he built did not construct a full size aircraft. In 1871, Pomes and De la Pauze designed a machine that used a rotor powered by gunpowder. This machine was never constructed.   Afterwards, in 1877, Alphonse Penaud was able to construct several model helicopters which he fashioned after the Chinese top having two superimposed screws that rotated in different direction setting motion by use of the force derived from a twisted rubber band. His models rose more than 15 meters high. In the same year, Emmanuel Dieuaide designed a helicopter that had counter- rotating rotors with an engine boiler on the ground but connected to a machine using a flexible tube. There were many achievements in tat year; Melikoff constructed a helicopter that had a colonial shaped rotor which doubled in its functions as a parachute. During 1878, Castel manage to design and build a helicopter that that was lifted by compressed air that had eight rotors on its two counter rotating shafts. His model did not operate, however a smaller one built that was built between 1878 and 1879 by Dandrieux that was driven by elastic bands did fly. An Italian civil engineer known as Enrico Forlanini who was an Italian civil engineer created a flying steam-driven helicopter model powered by a 7.7 pound engine which had two counter rotating rotors and was able to rise up to 40 feet for more than 20 seconds. In the 1880’s Thomas Alva Edison made an experiment with a small helicopter model and put into test many rotor configurations that were driven by a gun cotton engine which was one of the initial, early form of internal combustion engines. Later he used an electric motor to generate power being the first to demonstrate from his experiments that a rotor with a large diameter having a less surface area in its blade could provide a better floating efficiency in air. His knowledge and scientific approach on aerodynamics efficiency of the rotor and the supply of sufficient energy from an engine was a necessity for a successful vertical flight, (Gablehouse, 1969).9 By the end of the 19th century, there were fewer achievements in aerodynamics and mechanical complexities of creating a vertical aircraft. This was due to inadequate technological advances due to inefficient power and control. For instance the steam engines were too heavy and bulky for a full scale helicopter. In conclusion, early developments in aviation could not materialize because the lack of adequate technological developments which was a hindrance to the early developers of aircrafts. These included inadequate knowledge on aerodynamics of vertical flight, lack of a suitable engine and the inappropriateness to withstand the weight of the structure and engine. There were problems that were associated with excessive vibrations coupled with the inability to have stability and control. Notes Derget al, Chinese Inventions,2005.pg. 233 Clark, Leonardo da Vinci, 1988. Pg.45 Kemp, Leonardo da Vinci, The Marveling Works of Nature and Man, 198. Pg 168 Turner, Inventing Leonardo, 1993 Gablehouse, A History of Rotating Wing and V/STOC Aviation, 1969 Light Body, The Illustrated History of Helicopter, 1990 Bibliography Clark, Kenneth. Leonardo da Vinci. Rev. ed. New York: Viking, 1988. Kemp, Martin. Leonardo da Vinci, the Marvellous Works of Nature and Man. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1981. Turner, A. Richard. Inventing Leonardo. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1993. Gablehouse, Charles. Helicopters and Autogiros; A History of Rotating-wing and V/STOL Aviation. Philadelphia: J.B. Lippincott Company, 1969. Lightbody, Andy and Poyer, Joe. The Illustrated History of Helicopters. Lincolnwood, Ill.: Publications International, 1990. Chanute, Octave. Progress in Flying Machines. M N Forney 1894, Lorenz Herweg, 1976. Crouch, Tom, Wings: A History of Aviation from Kites to the Space Age, New York, New York: W.W. Norton Co, 2004 Deng Yinke, Wang, Pingxing, Ancient Chinese Inventions, China Intercontinental Press, pp.  113, 2005 Dodson, MG. An Historical and Applied Aerodynamic Study of the Wright Brothers Wind Tunnel Test Program and Application to Successful Manned Flight. US Naval Academy Technical Report. 2005 History of Aviation, GlobalAircraft.org 2008.   http://www.globalaircraft.org  © 2008 GlobalAircraft.org.